Dan ternyata saya dipercaya

Dan ternyata saya dipercaya

Sungguh merupakan suatu kebahagiaan bagi saya karena saya dipercaya oleh panitia English Performance Competiton 2011 untuk jadi master ceremony nya betapa bahagia nya saya

Walaupun sebelumnya saya sudah nervous gag karuan setengah mati soalnya saya belum pernah menjadi mc sama sekali pernah sih sebenarnya tapi buat acara yang kecil sudah tiga kali ,empat kali sama EPC 2011 ini .Yang pertama saya jadi MC dalam acara halal bi halal di kampung saya semua warga RW 16 ikut dan hadir disitu yang kedua mc acara tujuh belas an di kampung saya juga ,nah yang ketiga saya jadi mc di fakultas saya sendiri dalam acara “Bedah Buku dengan Mbak Kirana Kejora “ beliau pengarang novel yang hebat novel dan antologi cerpen nya sudah banyak sekali diterbitkan oleh Gramedia , ada novel nya yang judulnya Elang, dan antalogi cerpen ny yang berjedul perempuan dan daun dan yang di bedah novel nya oleh mbak kirana kejora yaitu “Air Mata Terakhir Bunda “ duh itu novel termasuk novel favorit saya Karena isi cerita novel tersebut sangat menyentuh karena menceritakan perjuangan seorang ibu yang dengan keterbatasan uang dan kemampuan nya akhirnya mampu menyekolahkan anaknya hingga sarjana.Duh hati saya memang selalu melting kalo ada cerita menyangkut tentang orang tua itu haha.

My Speech about Global Warming By Trisakti Agriani Sastra Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Brawijaya

My Speech about Global Warming

By Trisakti Agriani Sastra Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Brawijaya

Assalamualaikum wr.wb.

            The Honourable juries,the honourable ladies and gentlemen.First of all,I would like to say thanks to the God who always gives this mercies and blessing to us.And thanks for our lecturer Mrs.Fatimah  that has given this opportunity to me.So that I can deliver my speech about “How to prevent Global Warming”

           

Ladies and Gentlemen

We see right now,that our earth is hotter and always increase year by year ladies and gents and we see that antartic pole melted so fast than we are predicted.Why is it happen? No doubt again the answer is because Global Warming.Okay,lets we define about Global Warming itself ladies and gentlemen. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation and has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation.

So ladies and gent from my explanation before we see that there is  the factor of Global Warming. Lets we analyze one by one ladies and gents .First on how Global Warming caused by deforestation ,we say yes because we see many people make deforestation ,from this situation it can create tangible harm towards the society it self because from deforestation it means that we letting carbon dioxyde were being released into the atmosphere,and actually this situations happen  from Industrial Revolution so it makes the earth warm up.And Second of all on how Global Warming caused by Greenhouse effect ,yes indeed we believe this is from Greenhouse effect because When energy from the sun enters the Earth’s atmosphere, about a third of it is reflected back to space.  Of the rest, the atmosphere absorbs some, but most of it is absorbed by the surfaces of the earth.

So,its clear enough that right now Global Warming become the urgency things that we should pay attention more,because we see that there are so many further implication from Global Warming it self.First on how Global Warming can create serious impact towards the society we say yes because There will be extreme weather more heat-related diseases in hotter summers, and increased breathing problems as higher temperatures increase air pollution in cities, reducing air quality. The malaria mosquito may also be able to spread to other regions of the world where it is currently too cold to survive and breed.Especially from the poorest people it self. The poorest people in society will unfortunately be those least able to cope with the impacts of global warming .Second on how Global Warming can create serious impact toward the environment,yes indeed because of what,because Higher temperatures will cause a melting of ice in Greenland and Antarctica. This will accelerate the rise of sea level.More over,it will affect agriculture  New crops will be able to be grown in areas that are currently too cold to support them. However, more pests and diseases may offset any benefits higher temperatures may have.

            So,ladies and gentlemen,the question now is,what the small things or local act that we can do to reduce Global warming,but these small things can create Global Impact and big contribution in this world?

1.Drive Less and Drive Smart

Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are great forms of exercise. Explore your community mass transit system, and check out options for carpooling to work or school.

When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping your tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent. Every gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

2. Use the "Off" Switch

Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your television, video player, stereo and computer when you're not using them.

It's also a good idea to turn off the water when you're not using it. While brushing your teeth, shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until you actually need it for rinsing. You'll reduce your water bill and help to conserve a vital resource.

3. Plant a Tree       

If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. During photosynthesis, trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. They are an integral part of the natural atmospheric exchange cycle here on Earth, but there are too few of them to fully counter the increases in carbon dioxide caused by automobile traffic, manufacturing and other human activities. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its lifetime.

            So ladies and gentlement lets we do these small things start from our self,we do believe These Local Act can create Global Impact,so that’s all my speech thankyou for your kind attention

            Wassalamualaikum wr.wb

             

My Speech about LGBT people ( Lesbian Gay and Transgender People) By : Trisakti Agriani Sastra Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Brawijaya.

By : Trisakti Agriani Sastra Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Brawijaya.

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

            First of all I wanna say a huge thankyou for my God Allah SWT who has given this mercies and blessing to us.So that,I can stand up in here and can give a little inspiration to deliver my speech in front of my beloved friends.

Ladies and gentlemen

            We can see right now that 2-13 % of the population in this world is homosexual.However,since the 1960's the LGBT people do you know what is The LGBT stands for? LGBT stands for Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender.Yes,In some developed country such as USA,Holland and Deutsch, the LGBT have gained more recognition and rights.In USA itself the gay couple get acknowledgement for married and adopt their child moreover many LGBT people have become celebrities in their country .And this kind of policy actually come up from the government in the USA itself.and beside acknowledgement from Government there are some Gay Empowerement too,for example Q!Movie Festival,and one of gay empowerement that I really want to share with all of you is Harvey Milk School.

Ladies and gentlemen

Well harvey Milk school is a public high school in the East Village of New York City designed for, though not limited to, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender young people, as well as those questioning their sexuality. It is named after assassinated San Francisco, California supervisor Harvey Milk, the first openly gay man to be elected to office and one of the best known gay politicians of the 20th century. He was assassinated along with San Francisco Mayor George Moscone on November 27, 1978

And now go to my second extention on why Harvey Milk School can be established,because there are many reason first because the LGBT students get bullying when they study in Ordinary public school,so they feel stress and get many pressure from their friends,moreover they get violence when they study,in some school this LGBT students get hurts until they death.So,thats why the government of USA build this school.

            And of course after the government of USA build this school ,many LGBT prefer to choose Harvey Milk School as their schoolbecause In Harvey Milk School they get same sexual orientation,they get same equality and purposes.So,actually with Harvey Milk School itself it can eliminate the discrimination toward the student it self.So,there are no Bullying again toward the LGBT students it self,so the LGBT students can express their talent freely.It can be proven in some research in USA that the LGBT students more enthusiasm and smarter  when they study in Harvey Milk School than when they get study in The ordinary public school.

            And actually after the government of USA build this school it means that the LGBT students get the equality of their right.it represent that the minority people such as LGBT student still exist in there.and of course by Harvey Milk School itself it can decrease the number of society rejection in USA toward the LGBT students.we can see,after that there are some progress about the gay empowerment itself for example: policy of Obama about Dont Ask Dont Tell,yes with this policy right now the gay people can entered in Army of USA as sholdier and something like that.

Well,ladies and gentlemen

            Overall by see on How Harvey Milk Scholl can be establish,on why the LGBT students prefger to choose Harvey Milkm School as their school and see by build this school ,actually it represent that the minority people exist in there.So,I conclude that Harvey Milk School is a place where LGBT sudents can express their idea,feeling,and talent more freely.And of course by explanation before I want to share and add your knowledge about kinds of school in this world

 so thank you for all your attention .I'am sorry if I have mistake

wassalamualaikum wr.wb.

`ATOMISME LOGIS'

Disusun oleh:

Trisakti Agriani    NIM. 105110100111020

Vicky Febrianti     NIM. 105110100111072

Nurin Nafisah       NIM. 105110103111004

KEMENTRIAN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA

PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS

MALANG

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1              LATAR BELAKANG

Atomisme adalah filsafat alam yang berkembang di beberapa peradaban kuno. Di dalam peradaban Barat, atomisme merujuk pada Leukippos dan muridnya, Democritus dari abad ke-5 SM. Pengikut atomisme ini mengajukan teori bahwa dunia alami terdiri dari dua benda yang mendasar, saling berlawanan, dan tidak dapat dibagi -- atom dan kehampaan.

Atom tidak dapat diisi oleh sesuatupun, atom bergerak di kehampaan menuju klaster yang berbeda-beda (dan klaster-klaster ini membentuk senyawa-senyawa penghambat). Atom adalah kenyataan bendawi terkecil, satuan bangunan yang tidak dapat dimusnahkan (Aristoteles, Metafisika, I, 4, 985 b, 10-15).

Kata atomisme diturunkan dari kata sifat bahasa Yunani, atomos, yang arti harfiahnya adalah tidak dapat dipenggal “a – tomos” (tidak dapat dipenggal) -- tomos adalah sekawan dari kata kerja bahasa Yunani temnein (memenggal)).

Konsep atomisme terbentuk akibat kecelakaan sejarah, yaitu fakta bahwa para kimiawan dan fisikawan sebelum abad ke-19 mengira bahwa partikel tidak dapat dibagi, sehingga dikenali sebagai a-tom tak terpenggal dari tradisi kuno. Namun, pada abad ke-20 diketahuilah bahwa atom ternyata terdiri dari entitas yang lebih kecil: elektron, neutron, dan proton. Bahkan percobaan tahap lanjut menunjukkan bahwa proton dan neutron terdiri dari beberapa kuark. Kuark yang dimaksud ini secara empirik belum terbukti memiliki substruktur.

Meskipun penamaan ini menjadi kurang relevan, ungkapan "kenyataan bendawi yang tidak dapat dibagi" masih menjadi pedoman di dalam konsep atomisme.

Atomisme Logik adalah suatu faham atau ajaran yang berpandangan bahwa bahasa itu dapat dipecah menjadi proposisi-proposisi atomik atau proposisi- proposisi elementer, melalui teknik analisa logik atau analisa bahasa. Setiap proposisi atomik atau proposisi elementer itu tadi mengacu pada atau mengungkapkan keperiadaan suatu fakta atomik yaitu bagian terkecil dari realitas. Dengan pandangan yang demikian itu, kaum Atomisme Logik bermaksud menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang mutlak antara bahasa dengan realitas.

Dalam konsep atau paham Atomisme Logis, terdapat tiga tokoh utama yang dijadikan sumber kepustakaan bagi para peminat filsafat analitik. Yakni Ludwig Wittgenstein, Bertrand Russel, dan G.E. Moore.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

1.2              RUMUSAN MASALAH

Dari uraian latar belakang tersebut, terdapat dua masalah yang perlu dibahas dalam makalah ini. Yaitu:

1.      Bagaimanakah konsep Atomisme Logis menurut Ludwig Wittgenstein?

2.      Bagaimanakah konsep Atomisme Logis menurut Bertrand Russel?

3.      Bagaimanakah konsep Atomisme Logis menurut G.E. Moore?

1.3 TUJUAN

Berdasarkan rumusan masalah tersebut, maka makalah ini bertujuan untuk:

1.      Mendeskripsikan konsep Atomisme Logis menurut Ludwig Wittgenstein

2.      Mendeskripsikan konsep Atomisme Logis menurut Bertrand Russel

3.      Mendeskripsikan konsep Atomisme Logis menurut G.E. Moore

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

a.    Atomisme Logis: Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein dilahirkan di Wina, Austria pada tanggal 26 April 1889. Dia adalah seorang filsuf paling berpengaruh abad 20 dan memiliki konstribusi yang besar dalam filsafat bahasa, matematika dan logika. Ia berpendapat bahwa masalah filsafat sebenarnya masalah bahasa.

Saat Wittgenstein muda melanjutkan petualangan akademisnya di Akademi Trinity, ia selalu bersama seorang profesor filsafat dan matematika yang bekerja di universitas Cambridge bernama Bertrand Russell. Kebersamaan dengan Russell dan F. L. Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) ini membuat Wittgenstein makin keranjingan mendalami filsafat. Pada kesempatan ini pula, ia bertemu dan sering kali bertukar pikiran dengan G. E. Moore yang kemudian sangat mempengaruhi pemikiran filosofisnya.

Wittgenstein adalah penulis Tractatus Logico Philosophicus yang merupakan sumber inspirasi kaum logis positivis dalam hal analisis dan pernyataan yang bermakna dengan pernyataan yang tidak bemakna. Dia menjelaskan melalui teori pemaknaan yang dikenal dengan sebagai teori gambar (picture theory), yang berbunyi ‘Bahasa itu pada prinsipnya menggambarkan realitas dunia’.

Wittgenstein merupakan salah satu filsuf yang paling popular dan eksentrik. Filsuf ini beranggapan bahwa ‘sebagian orang berpikir, terdapat sebuah makna dasar di dalam kata-kata yang mempunyai makna berbeda’. Dan ini adalah prosedur yang salah sejak awal dalam memandang permasalahan ini. Menurut Wittgenstein inti masalah dalam filsafat bukan berasal dari rasa ingin tahu, melainkan keterpukauan kecerdasan melalui perangkat bahasa. Para filsuf lupa bahwa kata-kata memiliki banyak makna, sehingga sebagaimana Aristoteles, mereka akhirnya mencari esensi metafisis dari konsep tertentu.

Teori makna gambar menyatakan bahwa setiap proposisi terdiri atas beberapa elemen sederhana yang berfungsi layaknya gambar sederhana. Setiap elemen bahasa ini mengacu kepada sebuah elemen sederhana lain yang sesuai ‘atom’ di dunia.

Proporsi lebih mengacu kepada benda sehari-hari.Wittgenstein mengakui bahwa makna teori gambar mayoritas dari kata-kata yang diucapkan tidak bermakna karena tidak menggambarkan apapun. Hal ini tak hanya tepat dari perspektif lingua etis dan agama tetapi juga dari lingua filsafat.

Metafisika awal Wittgenstein disebut sebagai atomisme logis karena mengetengahkan pernyataan agar bahasa mungkin dimengerti, maka dunia harus tersusun dari “atom” dasar yang sederhana.

Atomisme logis adalah suatu paham atau ajaran yang berpandangan bahwa bahasa itu dapat dipecah menjadi proposisi atomik atau elementer melalui teknik analisa logik atau bahasa. Proposisi tersebut mengungkapkan keperiadaan suatu fakta atomik yaitu bagian terkecil dari realitas. Atomisme logik Wittgenstein bersandar pada prinsip penguraian (elucidation principle) di mana realitas dunia dan bahasa diuraikan hingga ke komponen-komponen terkecil. Dengan ini kaum Atomisme logis menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang mutlak antara bahasa dengan realitas.

Seperti yang Wittgenstein katakan: Filsafat adalah sebuah aktivitas untuk mengklarifikasi pemikiran secara logis dalam bentuk penguraian-penguraian hingga menghasilkan pengertian yang jelas dan distingtif. Apa yang jelas dan distingtif itu adalah sesuatu yang tak terdefinisikan dan tak terbagi lagi. Yang jelas dan yang distingtif itu adalah sebuah atom (a: tidak, tomos: terbagi). Karena tak terdefinisikan dan tak terbagi lagi, atom itu bersifat sederhana, memiliki satu makna tunggal bukan ganda sehingga dalam atom-atom bahasa tidak ada ambiguitas. Dalam hal ini, Wittgenstein mencoba untuk membersihkan filsafat dari kerancuan dan kekeliruan ketika menggunakan proposisi.

Wittgenstein melakukan analisis ini untuk membuat suatu kebenaran dengan mengembangkan bahasa ideal sesuai struktur logika dan berbeda dengan para filsuf lainnya.

Sebenarnya, Russel telah mengungkapkan pemikiran ini sebelumnya, bahwa mesti ada sebuah fakta umum yang tidak dapat diuraikan lagi yang mana hal itu bukan saja merupakan konstruksi molekuler tetapi sesuatu yang tidak terbagi lagi dan jelas dengan sendirinya. Tetapi Wittgenstein mengkritisi doktrin Russell, yaitu bahwa yang molekuler itu harus dipahami sebagai yang elementer. Karena itu dalam Tractatus, Wittgenstein menggunakan istilah proposisi elementer untuk menggambarkan fakta-fakta atomis ketimbang menggunakan istilah proposisi molekuler Russell. Pemikiran Wittgenstein dalam buku Tractatus ini merupakan bentuk kajian filosofis terhadap hakekat dunia dan bahasa. Dengan demikian paham Atomisme Logis Wittgenstein bersifat metafisis.

b.   Atomisme Logis: Bertrand Russel

Bertrand Arthur William Russel adalah seorang Inggris filsuf, ahli logika, matematika, sejarawan, kritik sosial. Karya Russel sangat berpengaruh dalam perkembangan filsafat pada abad 20. Dan sumbangan paling pentingnya adalah logika matematika dan filsafat logika.

Adapun Russell mempunyai tiga tujuan pokok yang ingin dicapainya yaitu :

·  Mengembalikan pengetahuan bangsa manusia kepada ungkapannya yang paling sederhana dan yang paling padat, dimana Russell berpendapat bahwa pengetahuan hanya diperoleh dari ilmu–ilmu. Tugas filsafat yang merumuskan suatu sintesis, yaitu merumuskan pandangan yang mendasari semua ilmu khusus.

·  Menghubungkan logika dan matematika. Karena menurut Russell seluruh matematika dapat dikembalikan kepada beberapa prinsip logis. Ia menyesal bahwa dalam dunia pendidikan jurusan ilmu pasti dan jurusan sastra dipisahkan karena logika dan gramatika tidak hanya penting untuk bahasa, melainkan juga sebagai dasar matematika.

·  Analisa bahasa, kesadaran dan materi itu hanya dua segi dari kenyataan yang satu, dua cara untuk memberikan struktur bagi unsur-unsur netral yang sama. Analisa bahasa yang benar dapat menghasilkan pengetahuan benar tentang dunia (Hidayat, 2006 : 48).

Bagi Russel fakta-fakta tidak dapat bersifat benar dan salah, dan yang bisa dikatakan benar dan salah adalah proposisi-proposisi yang mengungkapkan fakta-fakta. Setiap proposisi atomik itu mempunyai arti atau makna sendiri-sendiri yang terpisah satu sama lain. Proposisi atomik ini merupakan bentuk proposisi yang paling sederhana, karena sama sekali tidak memuat unsur-unsur majemuk.

Russel memiliki pengaruh yang sangat kuat terhadap perkembangan pemikiran filsafat Wittgenstein dalam karya Tractatus. Russel menguraikan filsafat atomisme logis bertolak dari prinsip isomorfi yaitu kesesuaian antara struktur logis bahasa dengan struktur logis realitas dunia. Pengetahuan manusia merupakan pernyataan yang tersusun berdasarkan satu sistem logis dan melalui bahasa yang menunjuk kepada unsur pada realitas dunia.

Sebagaimana yang diungkapkan Russel bahwa tugas filsafat adalah analisis logis dan disertai sintesa logis (empirik/ berdasarkan pengalaman indera), mengandung pengertian bahwa untuk mendapatkan suatu kebenaran dilakukan dengan mengajukan alasan-alasan yang bersifat apriori yang tepat bagi suatu pernyataan.

Menurut Russel analisa bahasa yang benar itu dapat menghasilkan pengetahuan yang benar pula tentang dunia, karena unsur paling kecil dari bahasa (proposisi atomik) merupakan gambaran unsur paling kecil dari dunia fakta (fakta atomik) atau ada isomorfi (kesepadanan) antara unsur bahasa dan kenyataan.

Russel menguraikan filsafat atomisme logis bertolak pada prinsip isomorfi, yaitu kesesuaian antara struktur logis bahasa dengan struktur logis realita dunia. Pengetahuan manusia merupakan pernyataan yang tersusun berdasarkan suatu sistem logis dan terungkapkan melalui bahasa yang menunjuk kepada suatu entitas atau unsur pada realitas dunia. Dengan kata lain ada kesamaan antara struktur dunia fakta atau realitas dan dunia kata dan unsur realitas dan bahasa.

Melalui jalan analisis terhadap sebuah proposisi, maka akan ditemukan proposisi atomis yang mana proposisi atomis ini memiliki kesepadanan dengan unsur terkecil dunia fakta (fakta atomis) dan proposisi atomis ini dinamakan Russel sebagai Logical Proper Name (nama diri yang logis).

Struktur logis bahasa menunjukkan suatu susunan yang terdiri atas satuan bahasa yang mengacu pada satuan entitas karena struktur logis bahasa menunjukkan struktur logis dunia.

Logical proper name menunjuk pada entitas-entitas yang dikenal suatu saat, tetapi merupakan suatu deskripsi minimal yang memiliki referensi tunggal pada kenyataan. Russel memetakan referensi tunggal dalam tiga komponen.

1.                       Nama diri seperti Napoleon, Kucing, Batu,dll.

2.                       Kata-kata deiktik seperti ‘ini’, ‘itu’, ‘aku’, ‘dia’, ‘mereka’, dll.

3.                       Deskripsi penunggal seperti ‘Panglima Perang Prancis’, ‘Kapten Armada Sriwijaya’, dll.

Proposisi ”Napoleon adalah seorang panglima perang Prancis dapat dipetakan seperti nama diri (Napoleon), kata deiktik (adalah), deskripsi penunggal (panglima perang Prancis).

Analisa logis merupakan suatu pengertian yaitu suatu upaya untuk menjelaskan alasan apriori yang tepat bagi pernyataan, sedangkan sintesa logik berarti menemukan makna pernyataan atas dasar empirik.

Dalam pemikiran Russel tampak tradisi empirisme John Locke dan David Hume terutama dalam struktur logis dari proposisi-proposisi, dari proposisi sederhana (atomis) sampai pada proposisi kompleks, yang memiliki corak logis yang sama dengan konsep ide-ide sederhana (ide atomis) sampai pada ide-ide yang bersifat kompleks milik Locke dan Hume.

Russel menganjurkan untuk mencari teori ilmu pengetahuan yang lain dari empirik murni. Bahasa yang ideal untuk filsafat yang didasarkan pada bentuk logika atau disebut dengan bahasa logika. Atomisme logis adalah sebuah metafisika di mana teori tersebut menjelaskan struktur hakiki dari bahasa dan dunia.

Russel menentukan titik tolak pemikirannya berdasarkan bahasa logika. Karena ia berkeyakinan bahwa teknik analisa yang didasarkan pada bahasa logika itu dapat menjelaskan struktur bahasa dan struktur realitas.

c.    Atomisme Logis: G.E. Moore

Moore adalah seorang tokoh filsafat dan analitik yang kerap dijuluki sebagai the founder of analytical philosophy (pendiri filsafat analitik). Sebagai seorang analis ia berpendapat bahwa tugas filsafat adalah memberikan analisis yang tepat tentang konsep atau proposisi dengan menyatakan secara jelas dan tepat apa yang dimaksudkan dengan konsep atau proposisi dalam ilmu filsafat.

Suatu ketahanan dari akal sehat (common sense) adalah salah satu ide terbesar Moore. Moore percaya bahwa sebagian besar akal sehat adalah sesuatu yang benar dan bahwa kita mengetahui apa yang dibicarakan dan contohnya adalah tentang kebiasaan, bahasa dan akal sehat.

Moore melakukan penjelasan melalui common sense dan lebih banyak membahas masalah-masalah bidang etika sedangkan Wittgenstein melakukan analisis untuk suatu kebenaran dengan mengembangkan bahasa ideal sesuai struktur logika. Bagi Moore, common sense merupakan dasar kebenaran dan akal sehatlah yang akan melihat kebenaran realitas dunia itu.

Moore berpendapat bahwa ungkapan-ungkapan metafisika itu hanya tipuan belaka yang tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara akal sehat, karena akal sehat tidak bisa sampai pada pengetahuan apakah hal fisik itu ada atau tidak ada. Moore mendasarkan analisis filosofisnya atas bahasa sehari-hari bukan atas konsep filosofis yang tertata secara logis dalam rangkaian proposisi atomis.

Menurut Moore, di dalam masyarakat telah berkembang apa yang disebut dengan naturalistic fallacy yaitu sebuah reduksionisme yang mencoba mengindentifikasi sesuatu yang baik dengan salah satu kenyataan fisik ataupun metafisik misalnya baik didifinisikan sebagai yang menyenangkan.

Moore juga terkenal untuk disebut "begitu argumen pertanyaan terbuka", (juga sangat berpengaruh Principia Ethica melawan yang terkandung dalamnya). The Principia adalah salah satu inspirasi utama gerakan naturalisme etika dan sebagian bertanggungjawab atas abad perhatian kedua puluh dengan meta-etika.

Moore menegaskan bahwa kebanyakan filsuf lainnya bekerja di-etika telah melakukan kesalahan ia disebut "kesalahan Naturalistik". Dalam etika, Moore bertujuan untuk menemukan kualitas yang membuat hal-hal yang baik. Jadi, misalnya, ‘kaum hedonis menyatakan bahwa kualitas yang menyenangkan adalah apa yang membuat hal-hal baik’; ‘teoretikus lain bisa mengklaim kompleksitas itulah yang membuat hal yang baik’. Apa yang dia jadikan objek adalah gagasan, bahwa dalam menceritakan kita kualitas yang membuat hal-hal yang baik, teori etika telah demikian memberi kita suatu analisis yang baik 'istilah' dan kebaikan properti.

Moore menganggap ini sebagai kebingungan yang serius. Untuk mengambil contoh, hedonis mungkin benar untuk mengklaim sesuatu yang baik hanya dalam kasus bahwa itu adalah menyenangkan. Tapi ini tidak berarti, Moore ingin bersikeras, bahwa kita dapat menentukan nilai dari segi kenikmatan. Memberitahu kita apa kualitas membuat hal-hal berharga adalah satu hal, nilai menganalisis adalah hal lain.

Moore berpendapat kebaikan yang tidak dapat dianalisis dalam hal harta lainnya. Dalam Principia Ethica ia menulis, mungkin benar bahwa semua hal yang baik juga sesuatu yang lain, seperti memang benar bahwa segala sesuatu yang berwarna kuning menghasilkan jenis tertentu getaran dalam terang. Dan itu adalah fakta, bahwa Etika bertujuan untuk menemukan apa properti-properti lain milik semua hal yang baik. Tetapi filsuf terlalu banyak berpikir bahwa ketika mereka bernama properti-properti lain mereka benar-benar mendefinisikan baik, bahwa sifat ini, pada kenyataannya, itu hanya tidak "lain," tapi mutlak dan seluruhnya sama dengan kebaikan.

Menurut Moore, aktor moral tidak bisa survei "kebaikan" yang melekat dalam berbagai bagian dari sebuah situasi, memberikan nilai pada masing-masing dari mereka, dan kemudian menghasilkan jumlah dalam rangka untuk mendapatkan ide dari total nilai. Sebuah skenario moral adalah rakitan kompleks bagian, dan nilai total sering dibuat oleh hubungan antara bagian-bagian, dan tidak dengan nilai masing-masing. Metafora organik dengan demikian sangat tepat: organisme biologis tampaknya memiliki sifat yang muncul yang tidak dapat ditemukan di manapun di bagian masing-masing. Sebagai contoh, otak manusia tampaknya menunjukkan kapasitas untuk berpikir ketika tidak ada neuron yang menunjukkan setiap kapasitas tersebut. Dengan cara yang sama, skenario moral dapat memiliki nilai yang jauh lebih besar daripada jumlah bagian-bagian komponennya.

BAB III

PENUTUP

Dengan mempelajari Atomisme Logis, kita menjadi tahu akan pentingnya sebuah logika dan bahasa atomik dalam pembentukan pernyataan filosofis yang jelas dan distingtif, agar tidak menimbulkan suatu ketidakjelasan makna dan/ ambiguitas.

Dengan demikian, Atomisme Logis sangat berperan penting bagi para pemikir analitik untuk menentukan suatu definisi.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Dikutip dari;

Anna Teodosia, Pesantren Budaya Brawijaya.2011; http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100002062736101

Johanes B. K. Soro, SVD dalam http://my.opera.com/Nyocor/blog

Rangga R.S dalam http://my.opera.com/Slendangwetan29/Nyocor/blog

http://wikipedia.com

Endang Mariningsih, E-book Makalah Sejarah Pemikiran Modern.2009.